Ultrasonic-Assisted Sol–Gel Synthesis of Ag–Zno Nanocomposites for Enhanced in Vitro Sun Protection Factor

Noor Hindryawati; Angela Bergita; Husna Syaima; Hajar Anuar; Teguh Wirawan; Eva Marliana; Seorja Koesnapadi; Irfan Ashari Hiyahara

doi:10.59890/ijir.v4i8.245

Authors

Noor Hindryawati Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda
Angela Bergita Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda
Husna Syaima Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda
Hajar Anuar Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda
Teguh Wirawan Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda
Eva Marliana Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda
Seorja Koesnapadi Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda
Irfan Ashari Hiyahara Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.59890/ijir.v4i8.245

Keywords:

Ag–Zno Nanocomposite, Zinc Oxide, Silver Nanoparticles, Sol–Gel Synthesis, Ultraviolet Protection, SPF

Abstract

Sunscreen materials based on inorganic semiconductors are attractive because they can attenuate ultraviolet (UV) radiation through absorption and scattering. This study synthesized Ag–ZnO nanocomposites by an ultrasonic-assisted sol–gel route and evaluated their stability, structural characteristics, particle-size distribution, and in vitro sun protection factor (SPF). Zn(CH₃COO)₂·2H₂O was used as the ZnO precursor and AgNO₃ was varied at 0.1, 0.4, and 0.9 mM. The resulting materials were characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and particle size analysis (PSA). SPF was estimated from UV–Vis absorbance between 290 and 400 nm using area-under-the-curve calculations. The 0.4 mM Ag formulation [Ag–ZnO(B)] showed the highest crystallinity (71.31%), compared with 69.94% for Ag–ZnO(A) and 67.74% for Ag–ZnO(C). XRD identified hexagonal wurtzite ZnO and face-centered cubic Ag, while SEM showed small Ag-containing particles attached to the ZnO surface together with agglomeration. PSA gave mean particle-size distributions of 75.7 nm for Ag, 325 nm for ZnO, and 730 nm for Ag–ZnO(B), indicating substantial aggregation in the composite dispersion. The synthesized Ag, ZnO, and Ag–ZnO(B) systems remained spectrally stable over four days. The SPF values were 7.126 for Ag, 8.362 for ZnO, and 16.299 for Ag–ZnO(B), corresponding to extra, maximal, and ultra protection categories, respectively, under the classification used in the study. Ag incorporation therefore substantially improved the in vitro UV-protection response of ZnO. Further formulation, dispersion, and safety studies are required before practical cosmetic application

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